Process for making a molded valve housing for a prothesis or an orthosis

ABSTRACT

In a process for the casting of a mounting which is to be attached to the human body and which takes the form of a prosthesis socket or of an orthosis part, a reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame located in the core region is surrounded by a polyurethane in such a way as to eliminate separation of the individual layers. The process is characterized by the following steps in the stated sequence: a) at the position of a PU sublayer which is below the reinforcement, a spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and which takes the form of the desired limb-proximal PU sublayer, b) the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is produced thereon, c) the reinforcement is removed, d) the first polyurethane sublayer is cast with saturation of the spacer material, e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability, f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the desired further PU sublayer is applied and g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into contact during hardening of the polyurethane of the superposed PU sublayer the two PU sublayers bond reactively with the aid of a primer applied between the PU sublayers and/or via a shared hardening process of the two PU sublayers and enclose the reinforcement.

The invention relates to a process for the casting of a mounting which is to be attached to the human body and which takes the form of a prosthesis socket or of an orthosis part with internal reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A prosthesis is the artificial replacement for an amputated limb, secured to the remainder of the limb and specifically and particularly to the amputation stump. To this end, the prosthesis has a receptacle in the shape of a funnel or cup for the stump, hereinafter termed prosthesis socket. The socket is intended to have precise fit to the stump and to produce ideal transfer of force from the amputee's body to the prosthesis with no areas that generate pressure or chafing. If possible, the socket should be capable of elastic adaptation to small dimensional changes (when the stump swells and reverts to normal size after swelling).

There are similar requirements placed upon what are known as orthoses or those retaining parts thereof which are close to the body. Orthoses are appliances which hold and support the body or limbs of the body externally, often being termed braces or splints.

In order to meet the requirements, sockets and other orthopaedic holders (orthoses) with direct body contact are generally manufactured from plastics which are strong and dimensionally stable, but at least some regions of which nevertheless have elasticity or softness and pliability.

To this end, it is also usual to combine various plastics in a plurality of layers and, within the plastics, to provide reinforcement, e.g. composed of woven or knitted materials or of carbon fibers (generally in the form of carbon-fiber mats). It is also possible that the reinforcement is used specifically in certain zones of the mounting component, or that certain, e.g. particularly soft, materials are introduced in selected regions instead of the main material or in addition, in the manner of an adhesive plaster (cushioning, patches).

The usual techniques in principle used to construct laminates with polymer-saturated textile reinforcement are winding or casting. These are industrial processes known to orthopaedic technologists.

The winding technique winds bandages saturated with an incompletely reacted polymer onto a former or if appropriate onto the stump or the limb directly, and the wound capsule is permitted to harden. As an alternative, saturated textile stocking can be applied in one or more layers to a former. This technique is also often used for structures composed of plaster of Paris, inclusive of models made from plaster of Paris (positive cast replica, negative cast replica).

The casting technique casts an incompletely hardened or incompletely reacted, liquid polymer into a suitable socket cavity or mounting cavity, which can be formed from the male mold of the stump and a female mold obtained with the aid of a spacer medium over the male mold. The spacer medium is either removed prior to casting (unfilled mold casting) or, in the case of a porous spacer medium, can be incorporated con-comitantly, i.e. incorporated in the casting, so that a filled or reinforced component is produced. In particular, the spacer medium can be a porous filler (hardened foam, solid granules) or can be composed of textile layers or of other layers that absorb liquid (wound bandages, stocking, socks, textile sublayers in general). A suction technique is often used to facilitate casting into narrow hollow molds: while the liquid and generally viscous polymer precursor (prepolymers, mixture of starting materials) is cast into, or injected into, the hollow mold, air is sucked out from the same space (generally at another point by way of a valve) in order to facilitate the inflow of the liquid.

Very high-viscosity materials which cannot be cast are often spread onto a male mold or textile sublayers or reinforcement sublayers situated thereover.

EP 201 884 A1 discloses a process for production of a prosthesis with a socket in which a conventional winding-casting technique is used to include cushioning composed of a viscoelastic material. The socket composed of the saturated winding bandages is relatively stiff. The cushioning can mitigate pressure points, but does not have the necessary elasticity for ideal transmission of pressure- and shear-derived forces.

EP 650 708 B1 discloses a multiple-stage process for the production of a socket and of a lining, the process being intended inter alia to ensure full contact between socket and stump, and also better transmission of impact- and shear-derived forces. The soft elastic lining is composed of a viscoelastic polyurethane which was produced from an aromatic diisocyanate and from elasticizing polyols. The two-part structure composed of socket and lining individually and extensibly molded on the stump is troublesome for the user to apply and is often perceived as constricting. The lining does not remove the additional need for the socket to be designed in a relatively complex manner with regions of varying stiffness, elasticity and softness, to increase comfort.

There are also known sockets composed of polyurethane which is dimensionally stable but which has the softness and elasticity to deform reversibly under pressure, with interior reinforcement in the form of a relatively stiff frame or grid. By way of example, a carbon-fiber-reinforced windowed polyacrylate layer forms the frame. A disadvantage found with these sockets manufactured from a plurality of individual layers is that the layers can separate from one another in particular at the edges and the sockets become unusable with passage of time.

It is therefore an object of the invention to design a socket whose regions are composed of different materials and in which a polyurethane surrounds a reinforcement, and to provide a suitable process for its production, in such a way as to eliminate separation of individual layers from one another.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In order to achieve this object, in a process of the type mentioned in the introduction, which applies, in succession, over the shape of a limb part or of a limb stump, a first polyurethane sublayer which comprises a polyurethane (PU) that can be processed by casting, then the reinforcement, and then a further polyurethane sublayer, the process being characterized by the particular procedure of the steps a) to g) described below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The process for the casting of a mounting which is to be attached to the human body and which takes the form of a prosthesis socket or of an orthosis part with, located in its core region, a grid- or frame-shaped reinforcement and with the following fundamental layer structure: lower polyurethane (PU) sublayer, reinforcement in core region, superposed polyurethane (PU) sublayer, therefore provides that the following steps in the stated sequence are used:

a) at the position of a PU sublayer which is below the reinforcement, a spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and which takes the form of the desired limb-proximal PU sublayer,

b) the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is produced thereon, i.e. around the spacer material or else shell over this sublayer,

c) the reinforcement is removed,

d) the first polyurethane sublayer is cast with saturation of the spacer material,

e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability,

f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the desired further PU sublayer is applied and

g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into contact during hardening of the polyurethane of the superposed PU sublayer the two PU sublayers bond reactively with the aid of a primer applied between the PU sublayers and/or via a shared hardening process of the two PU sublayers and enclose the reinforcement.

The PU casting resin is, as usual, provided as a multicomponent system where the components are mixed immediately prior to use, i.e. casting or saturation of the spacer material. One of these components preferably comprises a prepolymer of at least one isocyanate, preference being given here to aliphatic isocyanates or predominantly aliphatic isocyanates.

The raw materials for the polyurethane composition are selected in such a way that the composition has good casting properties and exhibits setting behavior in which after the composition has achieved dimensional stability it has not completely polymerized throughout for a period of at least one to two hours. The selection takes place through preliminary experiments within the scope of the constitution principles stated above. The composition can be a colored composition, an example being skin colors as known in principle in the prior art.

As a function of the setting behavior of the casting resin, complexity of the structure of the mounting and other application-specific requirements, each of various versions of the invention can be particularly advantageous.

According to one aspect of the invention, steps a) to d) are carried out as described above and steps e) to g) are carried out in the following manner:

-   -   e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the free         polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a         state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional         stability and prior to complete reaction,     -   f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the         incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the         desired further PU sublayer is applied and     -   g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second         spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into         contact during hardening of the polyurethane the two PU         sublayers bond reactively and enclose the reinforcement.

The version described above is particularly advantageous for slow-hardening casting resin or when particularly rapid operation is technically possible.

According to a further aspect of the invention, steps a) to d) are again executed as stated above and steps e) to g) are executed as stated below:

-   -   e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the polyurethane         surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a state of         polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability and a         primer is applied at least on the edge region of the first PU         sublayer, outside the area on which the reinforcement lies,     -   f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the         incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the         desired further PU sublayer is applied and     -   g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second         spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into         contact during hardening of the polyurethane of the superposed         PU sublayer the two PU sublayers bond reactively with the aid of         the primer applied between the PU sublayers and enclose the         reinforcement.

Use of the primer according to this version is particularly attractive when the casting resin reacts rapidly to completion or the work on the reinforcement takes a relatively long time, and the first or lower PU sublayer has therefore by this stage hardened or substantially hardened. The binding of the second PU sublayer then takes place with the aid of the primer while the second or superposed PU layer completes its reaction.

The polyurethane for the sublayers surrounding the reinforcement can contain aromatic or aliphatic isocyanates, and is preferably a polyurethane based on aliphatic isocyanates, more preferably HDI, and this means that at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight, of the isocyanates of the PU casting resin should be of aliphatic type.

According to the invention, the socket or the mounting is constructed over the shape of the stump or of the limb in a plurality of steps, the general method being construction on a prefabricated positive model (e.g. plaster of Paris model) of the stump or limb part.

There can, if desired, be further sublayers surrounding the actual PU sublayers surrounding the reinforcement. Various coatings can be used for this, as also can additional protective outward-facing sublayers, e.g. textile coverings and the like. If there were to be further sublayers in the interior of the socket, these would be first applied to the male mold. Otherwise, step a) is carried out first, if desired after a means of separation or a separator foil has been applied to the male mold.

As step a), a spacer material which takes the form of the desired limb-proximal PU sublayer and which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane (i.e. with the castable PU composition provided, which is also termed casting resin) is applied at the spatial position of provision of the PU sublayer below the reinforcement. The shape of the subsequent PU sublayer is modelled or prescribed via this spacer material. As a function of the shape of the subsequent mounting and of the region of the limb, the spacer material assumes the shape of a sublayer (layer), sleeve or cup.

In an embodiment of the invention, for the casting procedure, a separator foil can be placed around the spacer material, and is peeled away after the hardening of the casting resin or after achievement of dimensional stability of the sublayer. This type of separator foil would not be necessary if as an alternative the spacer material could be saturated by pouring material from the outside without any dripping of the casting composition. However, each of the presently preferred inventive examples uses a separator foil, and the flow of the casting composition into the space between male mold or lower layers on the one hand and the foil on the other hand is, if appropriate, promoted by suction to remove the air displaced. Casting processes of this type are known in principle to the person skilled in the art.

In step b) the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is placed around the spacer material, i.e. over the subsequent first PU sublayer.

This reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is preferably composed of a hard polymer, i.e. generally a material whose stiffness is higher than that of the polyurethane provided. Fiber-reinforced plastics are particularly suitable. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is a reinforced polyacrylate sublayer cast or molded above the first PU sublayer and windowed after hardening. The production of polyacrylate reinforcement of this type is known to the person skilled in the art. The sublayer is first cast or else laminated in the form of a hard shell over the underlying PU layer, removed after hardening, and windowed, i.e. subjected to a cutout process, at the points which are intended to be less stiff within the socket. However, other methods of producing the grid-like reinforcement are also possible. By way of example, by way of a separator foil, fillets composed of a suitable material having sufficient stiffness in the hardened state can be injected onto the lower PU sublayer, and metallic splints could likewise be included, e.g. adhesive-bonded to a textile layer which has the shape of a grid, etc. It is preferable that the windowed polyacrylate sublayer has carbon-fiber reinforcement. For this, the acrylic resin is poured onto carbon-fiber mats or carbon-fiber bandages.

After the reinforcement has then been removed in step c), a first polyurethane sublayer can be cast in step d), and specifically either in a preferred embodiment with saturation of the spacer material or by using a usual method to place a female mold around the spacer material, then removing the spacer material and casting a polyurethane casting composition for an unreinforced sublayer of a single material into the space between the female mold and the substrate of the layer. A corresponding process has been described by way of example in EP 650 708 for the casting of a socket lining.

The spacer material is preferably a material applied in at least one layer by being a textile material or more preferably a knitted material. This material is preferably filled with the casting composition so as to give a laminate.

In particular, the textile material can take the form of a stocking or sock, and it is preferable here to have a plurality of overlapping stockings or socks. A material knitted so as to be elastic is particularly advantageous here. It is also possible to use strips of material.

As an alternative, the spacer material can be composed of a porous sleeve, preferably composed of a polyurethane foam. This type of open-cell porous material can also be filled with the PU casting resin. Other spacer materials are conceivable, as long as they can be used for the purpose described here.

For complete reaction of the PU casting resin, the sublayer delimiting the casting or the separator foil which is generally present is then peeled away, as soon as this is possible without causing any alteration or instability in the PU sublayer. In step e) the reinforcement previously removed is then again superposed on the polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer. The polyurethane sublayer here is in a state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability.

In step f), a further spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane is applied, as previously for the first PU sublayer, for a further PU sublayer surrounding the reinforcement, and in step g) the further PU layer is then cast in a manner corresponding to that described for the first sublayer, i.e. preferably the saturation of the second spacer material, in such a way that where the two PU sublayers come into contact they bond reactively during hardening of the polyurethane of the two PU sublayers or alternatively during hardening of the superposed PU sublayer adjacent to the previously cast sublayer primer-treated in the PU-PU contact region.

The method for the modelling of a second spacer material sublayer is the same as that used previously for the first sublayer, and the casting process, too, takes place in the manner previously described above for the first sublayer.

The effect of the process is that the two polyurethane sublayers which enclose the reinforcement behave like a coherent layer, since the polyurethane is preferably subjected to a shared hardening process throughout. In the second instance, i.e. using the primer, additional crosslinking by virtue of the primer simultaneously takes place between the PU layers during the polymerization reaction in at least the superposed PU sublayer. In the first instance, in each case, the polymerization reaction does not merely penetrate one layer but extends into the two layers and also perpendicularly through the contact area. The reinforcement becomes completely enclosed and the windowed regions or the space within the meshes of a grid-like reinforcement or the interior of a frame are penetrated by a composition which undergoes uniform polymerization throughout, and specifically either via a process of shared hardening of the two unhardened or incompletely hardened PU sublayers or alternatively or additionally via the hardening of the superposed PU sublayer on the previously cast lower PU sublayer which has been provided with primer. Separation of the layers originally regarded as individual layers in the structure of the socket cannot therefore occur.

The location of the area where the polyurethane layers come into contact (contact area) is generally at the edge of the socket, and this means that the reinforcement is generally shorter than the PU sublayers and does not extend to the edge of the socket, another area being within all of the perforations of the reinforcement, as described above.

Further layers can be applied to the outside of the socket, an example being a decorative layer, a textile cover or the like.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive, preferably derived from a polymer solution, can be applied to the grid-like reinforcement (i.e. generally all around the finished, removed reinforcement).

Primers of this type are known in principle to the person skilled in the art for bonding between various plastics. These are often unfunctionalized or functionalized polymers in organic solvents which can swell or solvate the plastic to be treated. They can also be undiluted prepolymers, and multicomponent systems are also possible here, these being mixed only shortly prior to use of the primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive.

If the reinforcement involves an acrylic resin, it is particularly advantageous to use, in contact with the acrylic resin reinforcement, a primer composed of a solvent for thermoplastic polyacrylates with or without polymer dissolved therein. Any of the organic solvents which dissolve inter alia PMMA are attractive as solvent for the primer, preference being given to organic paint solvents, and particular preference being given to 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone). The acrylic resin reinforcement is solvated by the butanone solvent and thus permits adhesion of the reinforcement to the adjacent sublayer by way of cold welding, promoted by the primer. Materials dissolved in the primer can be not only the solvent, which can also be a solvent mixture, but also polymers, in particular polymers suitable as pressure-sensitive or other adhesive, or polymers present therein. The solids content of this type of solution (polymer content) can preferably amount to from 10 to 50% by weight, more preferably from 15 to 25% by weight. Polymers of the following group or copolymers having elements of the following group individually or in a mixture are particularly suitable: methacrylate, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate.

Irrespective of the material of the reinforcement, it is possible, as an optional measure, to spread a primer on, or use a primer to treat, the first polyurethane sublayer, as described in more detail above, and specifically at least at the positions at which the two polyurethane sublayers come into contact around the reinforcement located between these sublayers, or alternatively over the entire surface. It is preferable that this primer is applied to improve bonding of the two PU sublayers outside the area with which the reinforcement is in contact—by way of example this can take place immediately after superposition of the reinforcement—and at least in the edge region of the first PU sublayer, i.e. at the edge of the socket or of the orthosis.

This type of primer effective between two PU sublayers can preferably be a solution of a reactive PU component, particularly preferably an isocyanate-containing solution. Particular preference is given to substances of the following group, individually or in a mixture: MDI, 1,1-methylenebisisocyanatobenzene and 2,2,2,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Particularly suitable solvents are individual solvents or mixtures from the group of the hydrocarbons, inclusive of aromatic hydrocarbons. Particularly preference is presently given to the individual solvent or a solvent mixture composed of at least two constituents of the following group: xylene, naphtha petroleum, trimethyl-benzene, ethylbenzene.

For achievement of the object, the invention also encompasses in general terms a mounting which is to be attached to the human body and which comprises, in its core region, a grid- or frame-like reinforcement whose stiffness is higher relative to its immediate surroundings, where a uniformly fully reacted region composed of a casting resin whose stiffness is lower relative to the reinforcement surrounds the reinforcement with penetration of its perforations.

The casting resin is preferably, as stated above, a polyurethane-based material, preferably a polyurethane-based material based on aliphatic or predominantly aliphatic isocyanate. The PU-based material can in particular be a laminate composed of the PU and of a textile material, preferably a knitted material. The mounting is preferably a prosthesis socket or an orthosis part.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The invention is described in more detail below using examples and the drawing. The examples and figures relating to casting of the socket serve solely for illustration and do not restrict the invention described above.

The drawing shows:

FIG. 1 a-e) the structure of a prosthesis socket after the process, where the socket has been depicted in various stages in cross section;

FIG. 2 a and b) side views of two examples of a socket

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION USING EXAMPLES AND THE FIGURES Example 1

Materials:

1. PU

-   HDI-based multicomponent system

2. Spacer material

-   elastic, knitted polyamide stocking materials

3. Reinforcement

-   carbon-reinforced polyacrylate (e.g. Bayer or Rohm Chemie)

4. Separator foils composed of PVA

Process

A positive cast replica of a stump is produced in a usual and known manner. (A rod can be incorporated as grip rod for easier handling.) A separator foil is superposed on the positive cast replica. The first spacer material for the first PU sublayer is applied to this separator foil. This is done by applying and molding stocking materials in a plurality of layers. Unlike in known casting processes, the spacer material is not then saturated with casting resin but instead of this is covered by a further foil. The reinforcement frame is produced thereon in the usual way: the reinforcement region is covered with carbon mats and saturated with acrylic resin. The reinforcement is permitted to harden and then removed. The upper separator foil is peeled away. The desired mechanical operations and windowing are carried out on the reinforcement (which is also, if appropriate, spread with primer). Only now is the PU layer located under the reinforcement cast. After this polyurethane has solidified to the extent that it has sufficient dimensional stability but has not yet hardened, (primer is spread if appropriate, and) the windowed reinforcement is swiftly superposed, the spacer layer for the next PU sublayer is applied (as described previously above for the first layer, primer treatment being used if appropriate) and the PU layer extending around the outside of the reinforcement is cast. The two PU layers then undergo a shared hardening process and can bond. Additional layers are possible. Elements such as valves, spigots, pendulum suspension, etc. are attached as usual.

Example 2

As Example 1, additionally with primer for a polyacrylate reinforcement

The acrylic resin of the reinforcement is cured by a free-radical mechanism from a mixture composed of methyl methacrylate and prepolymerized PMMA with benzoyl peroxide (50% strength). The windowed reinforcement is in the completely hardened state throughout.

The entire surface of the reinforcement is treated with a primer, namely in this case with a polyvinyl-chloride- and/or polyvinyl acetate-containing solution with 2-butanone as solvent. The solution preferably comprises an epoxidized vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.

Before the reinforcement is superposed on the lower PU sublayer, it is advantageous that the primer first undergoes initial physical drying or that the solvent is first permitted to evaporate to some extent.

Example 3

As Example 1 or Example 2, with the addition of a primer between the two PU sublayers.

Immediately before the reinforcement is again superposed, having now been windowed, the first PU sublayer, produced via saturation of the spacer material after removal of the reinforcement, is spread with a primer which is composed of one of the following solutions, which can also be used in various mixtures with one another:

-   -   1) MDI (diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate) in a mixture composed         of xylene, naphtha petroleum, trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, in         equal parts;     -   2) 1,1-methylenebisisocyanatobenzene in a mixture composed of         xylene, naphtha petroleum, trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, in         equal parts;     -   3) 2,2,2,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate in a mixture composed         of xylene, naphtha petroleum, trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, in         equal parts.

The windowed reinforcement is then superposed and the PU sublayer over the reinforcement is produced.

Example 4

Variant of Example 2: After superposition of the reinforcement provided as in Example 2 with primer, the remaining free area of the first PU sublayer is spread as in Example 3 with a primer. The further processing takes place as in Example 1.

The process is again illustrated by way of example below for a prosthesis socket with the aid of the figures.

FIG. 1 shows the structure of a socket in various stages, in each case in cross section.

FIG. 1 a shows how the first sublayer composed of spacer material surrounds the positive cast replica of a stump 11. On the positive cast replica 11 there is a first separator foil 21, this being followed by a plurality of layers of elastic knitted stocking material as first spacer material 31.

In FIG. 1 b, this has been covered by a second separator foil 22, on which a reinforcement 40 composed of carbon mats and acrylic resin has been produced. The hardened reinforcement 40, which in this example extends in the manner of a shell around the socket, is removed and subjected to usual mechanical operations (windowed), giving a reinforcement frame.

FIG. 1 c shows the cast limb-proximal PU sublayer 32 which is subsequently below the reinforcement 40 and which comprises the thoroughly saturated first spacer material 31. The second separator foil 22 has been removed. After the PU has solidified to the extent that it has sufficient dimensional stability but has not yet hardened, the windowed reinforcement 40 which can have been spread with a primer, is superposed.

FIG. 1 d shows the reinforcement 40 and the window regions 41. The spacer layer 33 for the further PU sublayer is now applied by again using elastic-knitted stocking material to cover the first PU sublayer and the reinforcement 40 in the shape of a grid.

Finally, FIG. 1 e also shows the cast PU layer 34 which comprises the spacer material 33 and which extends externally around the reinforcement. The layers 34 and 32 are in mutual contact around the reinforcement 40 and in the window regions 41. The two PU layers can now undergo a shared hardening process and can bond.

Any additional layers present, such as coverings, are not shown, and the same applies to valves, spigots, etc., which can be attached in a known manner.

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b show two examples of prosthesis sockets 10 in side view, differing only in the shape of the reinforcement 40. As can be seen, very different shapes can be selected and realized by the process. The PU layers 32 and 34 bond wherever no reinforcement is present between them. 

1. Process for the casting of a mounting which is to be attached to the human body and which takes the form of a prosthesis socket or of an orthosis part with, located in its core region, a grid- or frame-shaped reinforcement and with the following fundamental layer structure: lower polyurethane (PU) sublayer, reinforcement in core region, superposed polyurethane (PU) sublayer, and for which the following steps are carried out in the sequence stated: a) at the position of a PU sublayer which is below the reinforcement, a spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and which takes the form of the desired limb-proximal PU sublayer, b) the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is produced thereon, c) the reinforcement is removed, d) the first polyurethane sublayer is cast with saturation of the spacer material, e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability, f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the desired further PU sublayer is applied and g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into contact during hardening of the polyurethane of the superposed PU sublayer the two PU sublayers bond reactively with the aid of a primer applied between the PU sublayers and/or via a shared hardening process of the two PU sublayers and enclose the reinforcement.
 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyurethane for the sublayers surrounding the reinforcement is a polyurethane based on aliphatic isocyanates, preferably based on HDI.
 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is a reinforced polyacrylate sublayer cast or molded above the first PU sublayer and windowed after hardening.
 4. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that the windowed polyacrylate sublayer has carbon-fiber reinforcement.
 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that, for the casting procedure, a separator foil is placed around the spacer material and is peeled away after the hardening of the casting resin or after achievement of dimensional stability of the sublayer.
 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacer material has been applied in at least one layer and is a textile material or knitted material.
 7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the textile material takes the form of a stocking or sock, one or more sublayers of this material being overlapped.
 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacer material is composed of a porous sleeve.
 9. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the first PU sublayer is constructed on a cast replica of the limb part or stump to be provided with the mounting, either directly on the positive cast replica or by way of a separator foil or a means of separation.
 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that, in an additional intermediate step, a female mold is constructed on the spacer material, the spacer material is removed and the PU sublayer is cast into the cavity between the female mold and the substrate of the removed spacer material.
 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that a primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive is also applied to the grid-like reinforcement and/or to at least one of the freshly cast sublayers.
 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the steps carried out are precisely the following: a) at the position of a PU sublayer which is below the reinforcement, a spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and which takes the form of the desired limb-proximal PU sublayer, b) the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is produced thereon, c) the reinforcement is removed, d) the first polyurethane sublayer is cast with saturation of the spacer material, e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the free polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability and prior to complete reaction, f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the desired further PU sublayer is applied and g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into contact during hardening of the polyurethane the two PU sublayers bond reactively and enclose the reinforcement.
 13. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that the polyurethane for the sublayers surrounding the reinforcement is a polyurethane based on aliphatic isocyanates, preferably based on HDI.
 14. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is a reinforced polyacrylate sublayer cast or molded above the first PU sublayer and windowed after hardening.
 15. Process according to claim 14, characterized in that the windowed polyacrylate sublayer has carbon-fiber reinforcement.
 16. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that, for the casting procedure, a separator foil is placed around the spacer material and is peeled away after the hardening of the casting resin or after achievement of dimensional stability of the sublayer.
 17. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that the spacer material has been applied in at least one layer and is a textile material or knitted material.
 18. Process according to claim 17, characterized in that the textile material takes the form of a stocking or sock, one or more sublayers of this material being overlapped.
 19. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that the spacer material is composed of a porous sleeve.
 20. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that the first PU sublayer is constructed on a cast replica of the limb part or stump to be provided with the mounting, either directly on the positive cast replica or by way of a separator foil or a means of separation.
 21. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that, in an additional intermediate step, a female mold is constructed on the spacer material, the spacer material is removed and the PU sublayer is cast into the cavity between the female mold and the substrate of the removed spacer material.
 22. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that a primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive derived from a polymer solution is also applied to the grid-like reinforcement.
 23. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that an isocyanate-containing primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive is also applied at least to the first PU sublayer.
 24. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the steps carried out are precisely the following: a) at the position of a PU sublayer which is below the reinforcement, a spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and which takes the form of the desired limb-proximal PU sublayer, b) the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is produced thereon, c) the reinforcement is removed, d) the first polyurethane sublayer is cast with saturation of the spacer material, e) the reinforcement is again superposed on the polyurethane surface of the first polyurethane sublayer in a state of polymerization after achievement of dimensional stability and a primer is applied at least on the edge region of the first PU sublayer, outside the area on which the reinforcement lies, f) a further spacer material which can be saturated with the incompletely reacted polyurethane and takes the form of the desired further PU sublayer is applied and g) the further PU sublayer is cast with saturation of the second spacer material, so that where the two PU sublayers come into contact during hardening of the polyurethane of the superposed PU sublayer the two PU sublayers bond reactively with the aid of the primer applied between the PU sublayers and enclose the reinforcement.
 25. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the polyurethane for the sublayers surrounding the reinforcement is a polyurethane based on aliphatic isocyanates, preferably based on HDI.
 26. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the reinforcement in the shape of a grid or frame is a reinforced polyacrylate sublayer cast or molded above the first PU sublayer and windowed after hardening.
 27. Process according to claim 26, characterized in that the windowed polyacrylate sublayer has carbon-fiber reinforcement.
 28. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that, for the casting procedure, a separator foil is placed around the spacer material and is peeled away after the hardening of the casting resin or after achievement of dimensional stability of the sublayer.
 29. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the spacer material has been applied in at least one layer and is a textile material or knitted material.
 30. Process according to claim 29, characterized in that the textile material takes the form of a stocking or sock, one or more sublayers of this material being overlapped.
 31. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the spacer material is composed of a porous sleeve.
 32. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that the first PU sublayer is constructed on a positive cast replica of the limb part or stump to be provided with the mounting, either directly on the cast replica or by way of a separator foil or a means of separation.
 33. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that, in an additional intermediate step, a female mold is constructed on the spacer material, the spacer material is removed and the PU sublayer is cast into the cavity between the female mold and the substrate of the removed spacer material.
 34. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that a primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive derived from a polymer solution is also applied to the grid-like reinforcement.
 35. Process according to claim 24, characterized in that an isocyanate-containing primer, adhesion promoter or adhesive is applied to the first PU sublayer.
 36. Mounting which is to be attached to the human body and which comprises, in its core region, a grid- or frame-like reinforcement whose stiffness is higher relative to its immediate surroundings, where a uniformly fully reacted region composed of a casting resin whose stiffness is lower relative to the reinforcement surrounds the reinforcement with penetration of its perforations.
 37. Mounting according to claim 36, characterized in that the casting resin is a polyurethane-based material.
 38. Mounting according to claim 37, characterized in that the casting resin is a casting resin based on aliphatic or predominantly aliphatic isocyanates.
 39. Mounting according to claim 36, characterized in that the mounting is a prosthesis socket or an orthosis part.
 40. Mounting according to claim 36, characterized in that the PU-based material is a laminate composed of the PU and of a textile material or knitted material. 